What is viscose

What is Viscose?

Viscose is a semi-synthetic fiber created from regenerated cellulose, a natural polymer derived from wood pulp or plant materials. Despite being made from natural sources, it undergoes chemical processing that classifies it as semi-synthetic rather than purely natural. The result is a fabric with exceptional softness, natural drape, and breathability that closely resembles silk, making it highly desirable for apparel manufacturers.

Production Process

The viscose process involves dissolving wood pulp in sodium hydroxide solution to create viscous liquid. This liquid is then pushed through spinnerets (small holes) into an acid bath, which converts it back into solid cellulose fibers. The fibers are then washed, bleached, and dried to create yarn. This regeneration process is what distinguishes viscose from other fibers. The entire process uses significant water and chemicals, which raises environmental concerns when not properly managed.

Properties and Characteristics

Viscose offers unique properties that make it popular with designers and manufacturers. The fiber is highly absorbent, making garments breathable and comfortable in warm weather. It has a natural sheen and drape similar to silk, creating elegant-looking garments at a fraction of silk's cost. Viscose is also biodegradable, decomposing naturally after disposal. However, it's less durable than cotton or polyester and requires gentle care when washing.

Environmental Considerations

While viscose is more sustainable than petroleum-based synthetics like polyester, it has significant environmental impacts. The production process requires large quantities of water and uses chemicals that, if not properly managed in closed-loop systems, can pollute waterways. Closed-loop viscose production, also called lyocell, recovers and recycles the chemicals, making it more environmentally responsible. Sustainably sourced wood from managed forests is increasingly used, improving viscose's environmental profile.

Viscose vs. Rayon: What's the Difference?

Rayon is the broader category name for all regenerated cellulose fibers. Viscose is the most common type of rayon, produced through the viscose process. Other types of rayon include acetate and modal, each made through different chemical processes. All viscose is rayon, but not all rayon is viscose. The terms are often used interchangeably in casual conversation, though technically viscose is a specific type of rayon.

Care and Maintenance

Viscose requires gentle care to maintain its appearance. Hand washing or using delicate machine cycles with cool water is recommended, as hot water and agitation can cause shrinkage and damage. Use mild detergent specifically formulated for delicate fabrics, and avoid wringing or twisting. Air dry away from direct heat or sunlight to prevent color fading. Many viscose garments benefit from professional dry cleaning to ensure longevity.