What is lymphoma

Last updated: April 1, 2026

Quick Answer: Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, affecting white blood cells called lymphocytes. It occurs in two main types: Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Key Facts

What is Lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a cancer that begins in the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell found in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, the spleen, bone marrow, and thymus gland, all of which play crucial roles in fighting infection. When lymphocytes become cancerous, they can grow uncontrollably and spread throughout the body.

Types of Lymphoma

There are two major categories of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for about 10% of all lymphomas and typically involves specific cancer cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common and includes many subtypes that vary in aggressiveness and treatment response.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Symptoms of lymphoma include enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin that typically don't hurt. Other symptoms may include fever, night sweats, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, and itching. Diagnosis requires blood tests, imaging studies, and lymph node biopsy to confirm the type and stage of lymphoma.

Stages and Risk Factors

Lymphoma is staged from I to IV, with stage I being localized and stage IV indicating spread throughout the body. Risk factors include weakened immune system, viral infections like HIV or hepatitis C, autoimmune diseases, and family history. Age increases risk, with most cases occurring after age 60.

Treatment and Prognosis

Treatment depends on the specific type, stage, and individual health factors. Options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted drug therapies, and stem cell transplants. Many people with lymphoma achieve remission with appropriate treatment, and survival rates have improved significantly with modern therapies.

Related Questions

What is the difference between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for about 10% of all lymphomas and contains Reed-Sternberg cells, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common with many subtypes. Hodgkin lymphoma typically spreads in an orderly fashion, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma spreads randomly.

What is lymphedema?

Lymphedema is swelling in an arm or leg caused by damaged lymph vessels or nodes, often resulting from cancer treatment or injury. It occurs when lymph fluid accumulates and cannot drain properly, requiring management through compression and exercise.

What are lymph nodes and what do they do?

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs throughout the body that filter lymph fluid and help fight infection by producing white blood cells. They are part of the immune system and typically become enlarged when fighting infection or in cancer.

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Sources

  1. Wikipedia - Lymphoma CC-BY-SA-4.0
  2. National Cancer Institute - Lymphoma Public Domain