What is ftp

Last updated: April 1, 2026

Quick Answer: FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between computers over the Internet using a client-server model.

Key Facts

Overview

FTP, or File Transfer Protocol, is a fundamental internet protocol that enables the transfer of files between computers on a network. Developed in 1971, it remains one of the most widely-used protocols for file exchange despite being one of the oldest. FTP operates on a client-server model, where a user runs FTP client software and connects to an FTP server hosted on a remote computer.

How FTP Works

When you use FTP, your client software establishes a connection to an FTP server using port 21. The server authenticates the user through a username and password. Once connected, users can navigate the server's directory structure, upload files from their computer, or download files from the server. FTP transfers files in binary mode, preserving exact data, or ASCII mode for text conversion, though binary mode is now standard for most applications.

Security Considerations

One significant limitation of standard FTP is that it transmits usernames, passwords, and file data in unencrypted plain text. This makes FTP vulnerable to interception by malicious actors. As a result, many organizations have moved to more secure alternatives like SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol), which encrypts all data during transmission. FTPS (FTP Secure) is another secure variant that uses SSL/TLS encryption for protection.

Common Uses Today

FTP remains popular for several practical applications. Web developers use FTP to upload website files to hosting servers. System administrators use it for backing up files and transferring large datasets between servers. Many businesses still rely on FTP for routine file exchanges. However, modern cloud storage solutions and secure file transfer methods are gradually replacing FTP in many organizations.

Related Questions

What is the difference between FTP and SFTP?

SFTP encrypts all data during transfer using SSH, making it much more secure than standard FTP, which transmits passwords and files in plain text. SFTP is the recommended choice for sensitive data transfers.

Is FTP still used today?

Yes, FTP is still widely used despite being developed in 1971. However, its use is declining as organizations adopt more secure protocols like SFTP and cloud-based file sharing solutions.

What port does FTP use?

FTP uses port 21 for control commands and port 20 for data transfer in active mode. Passive mode uses dynamically assigned ports. Modern firewalls often restrict FTP access due to security concerns.

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Sources

  1. Wikipedia - File Transfer Protocol CC-BY-SA-4.0
  2. IETF RFC 959 - File Transfer Protocol IETF Trust